Animal Farm Political Speech Assignment

I once remained close to every one of you, helped and instructed all of you how to cultivate, how to peruse and compose. I was extremely dedicated in those days. I thought of all the various plans that profited the Animal Farm, for example, the windmill. Until a couple of months after the fact after the insubordination, Napoleon who had consistently contradicted me, got Jealous. In this way, he pursued me out with those puzzled pooches, took my arrangements for the windmill, reprimanded me for everything, and undermined Minimalism as he took all out control ever the farm.Before my ejection, all of you saw me drawing and arranging out everything about the windmill, wanting to assist all the animals by having less work to be finished. At that point, I was pursued out, and I wasn't acknowledged for all my difficult work that I was committed in. Rather, Napoleon took my credits and even considered me a criminal for taking â€Å"his† plans and a â€Å"traitor† who was aligne d with our adversary, Mr.. Jones. How might he concoct such an arrangement and claim to restrict it?Let us state that If I truly did took the plans, he uproarious of put me legitimately being investigated, rather than utilizing those untamed mutts to follow me, and nearly ended my life. After Napoleon ousted me, I was unable to try and get close to the homestead since the mutts were alarm of me. With respect to the windmill that night, It was a direct result of a tempest. Simply consider it, how might it be workable for a pig like me to move a tremendous bolder, how could have I even push and demolish it. Simply think for a second for all the details.It took all of you and the help of Boxer to gradually lift up a stone and you anticipate that me should move it in he dim, and pulverize the entirety of your difficult work? Please Comrades! I know all of you doubted reality when you initially heard the news. All of you had been conditioned by Squealer, who could convince and confound i ndividuals to accept that dark is contaminate white. After I was gone, Napoleon grabbed hold of all the force, and utilized it unreasonably, adulterating our Minimalism. In the first place, he changed and ignored the â€Å"original† Seven Commandments.He defied the guideline that expressed, † All creatures are equal,† He revealed to you al that taking a shot at Sunday evenings â€Å"was carefully deliberate, however any creature who absented himself from it would have his proportions diminished considerably. † He appeared to offer a decision, however who might need to go hungry when they don't have enough nourishment for themselves at the present time. All of you had returned to those hopeless lives under Mr.. Jones. Look carefully, all of you will understand that the existence right presently is the same as the past one, or maybe, just worse.Napoleon likewise broke the 6th charge, which expressed â€Å"No creature will execute another animal†. Be th at as it may, see with yourselves own eyes, did he truly follow this precept? In spite of the fact that it appears as though he followed the principles, yet he didn't go over a procedure to lawfully rebuff creatures, rather he utilized position and capacity to slaughter or execute different creatures who contradict them or conflicted with them. Isn't this fundamentally equivalent to slaughtering other creature? Confidants, investigate intently at all the things that are going on around all of you, utilize your rationale and consider the truth.Do all of you truly imagine that I am the person who Is conflicting with our Minimalism? All of you know how I esteem our equities and how I esteem the treatment we get. It ought to be the force, authority, and the advantages just for himself. Does he truly think about the prosperity of all of you? He just cares the amount you add to the ranch, and how he can abuse all of you. You should all confide in me and go under my insurance. We should al l consolidate and revolutionary, to indeed step back on to the street that prompts our fantasy society, our Animal Farm that we as a whole ached for.

Supply Chain Management Model of Procter and Gamble

Gracefully Chain Management Model of Procter and Gamble Official Summary The report will depict the Supply Chain Management model of Procter and Gamble in accordance with the many-sided parts of their data frameworks, acquisition, stock and appropriation issues, alongside their answers individually. The imperativeness of the point as a profoundly coordinated procedure is properly featured in the report. It will likewise talk about with regards to how the Supply Chain Management impacts the organization and its key errands just as key arranging so as to relish the upper hand in the market. As Procter and Gamble had extremely powerless gracefully chain the board they made arrangements for a total change over their administration approaches and eccentricities. All through the report, different key issues relating to the procedures engaged with conveying the completed items are featured. The key advances that the organization has taken towards exact meaning of their structure undoubtedly are adjusting the greater part of their records to prime providers and g uiding and normalizing this change on a general level. The principle feature is correspondence at each level which comprises the basic procedure as opposed to it being a various leveled direct based correspondence in a clichã ©d stream on style. Additionally proposals have been given toward the finish of the report based on auxiliary research and hidden realities and contextual investigations. It sums up and records feelings dependent on potential territories that despite everything stay undiscovered and subject to undue consideration. Each perspective has been managed while keeping the organizations vision, methods of reasoning and remarkable hard working attitudes at the top of the priority list. Presentation Procter and Gamble is a $50 billion association that starting at now is a glad proprietor of 13 brands making more than $1 billion of pay each year. their goal is to make what should be known as a fourteenth billion-dollar brandâ€by loading resigns in stores far and wide even more exactly by responding better to what people need. Likewise, they target getting 5,000 retailers and 30,000 providers to participate in a structure that would in a split second banner things upheld by customers. In the earlier decade, PG’s business has changed on a very basic level, paying little mind to the likelihood that its systems for timing the transport of things to stores have not. In comparable lines to automobiles, pieces of clothing, music and even prime-time TV, the proposals of mass-made things for the home have wound up hit-driven. On the other hand, better put, headway driven. A couple of arrangements data may come in consistently, some step by step. Some may stop by thing or thing c lass. Unsurprising information, got each day or even more a great part of the time, would mean getting retailers and providers to adhere to typical conventions in feeding and coaxing information out of Pg s SAP store arrange organization structure. In the old structure to-appraise days, the plants would simply run immense parts, move them to appropriation focuses and let exhibiting work down the piles of unsold thing. Changeovers of gathering lines were an anathema, in light of the fact that the conviction was that long thing runs hack down for each unit costs.That holds costs down. They have endeavored to improve each piece of how they pass on thing to our customers at the most decreased cost, this was said by Tom Walker, VP of coordinations for Costco Wholesale Corp., which offers $41.7 billion estimation of purchaser items a year through its 397 retail conveyance focuses. The item, close by viable judgment abilities, has improved pgs ability to get exact shipments to our stores i n a favorable way. Item Portfolio Procter Gamble delivers a far reaching scope of merchandise from cleansers to pet nourishments to magnificence items. The organization works in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Latin America, with items sold in more than 140 nations. Procter Gamble positioned 26th in Fortune magazine’s top 100 America’s biggest organization for the year 2011. (Fortune 500, CNN 2012). Procter Gamble started as a little cleanser and flame Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA in 1873. By 1980, Procter and Gamble had developed into a multi-million dollar organization. The principal abroad auxiliary was bought in 1930 (a UK-based cleanser maker). From that point, fire up activities jumped up in Latin America, Europe and Japan. Procter Gamble have some notable brands, which incorporate Pampers Nappies, max Factor makeup, Pantene shampoos, Iams and Eukaneba pet nourishments and Pringle potato chips. The Procter Gamble Supply Chain Management Acing the Supply Chain is crucial perspective to accomplish high customer satisfaction that will provoke advantage and increasingly unmistakable bit of the pie. In order to make the Supply Chain limits as a focal point of the game plan, the association needs to reexamine its framework. This includes both delivering another strategy and bringing the Companys other focus practices into course of action with this new game plan most importantly, the record decision, in the customer activities, the channel technique, the inside tasks capacities and Management/Organization Structure. These activities must experience broad movements. Skilled Supply Chain makes a remarkable arrangement of activity that alters the genuine goal of Supply Chain Management from cost control to pay improvement to Customer satisfaction. Procter Gamble for a spell prior used Supply Chain power to pare out strong, long stretch Competitive Advantage. The Companys key focus to Supply Chain-based organization modernization changed both the buyer things and retail business endeavors. The technique obliged quick transport to huge records. This channel strategy enabled Procter and Gamble to make a remarkably significant level of customer conviction and on-going rounds of Supply Chain modernization in these records. Meanwhile, Procter and Gamble discreetly moved to end its guide relationship with different increasingly unobtrusive records, setting up a lot of master shippers to organization them. In this manner, the essential wholesalers had become enough volume to keep up quick worth included relationship with Procter Gamble. To the extent concerns it, Procter and Gamble made activities limits in two key domains: First, it made a freeing new set from industry change programs, e.g., Efficient Consumer Response (ECR), Customer Requirements Planning (CRP), and smoothed out coordinations. The ventures obliged a powerful new comprehension of framework economies and the impact of Supply Chain headway. Second, to enable to raise organization levels to support the new structure, the Company made refined Information Technology (IT) bonds to mastermind its thing stream. These going on movements remained legitimate security, from advancing chiefs especially who were stressed over the other appropriated venders things by the new business. Concern in like manner imparted over what might got done with the huge records that didn't fit the game plan. There was a critical prerequisite for innovative and advanced responses for rout these issues and accomplish the customer on the double and loss of bit of the pie. In this manner, they decided to use agent based exhibiting complex, flexible structures in the wake of doing a lot of assessment. The Strategies Procter Gamble Supply Chain methods are generally remembers for: 1. Concentrate on getting of the associations and things, which are presently dug in the business community and with extraordinary displays with reasonable solicitations. Whats more, getting the opportunity to be settled things begins with a better than average, gainfully run Supply Chains. Along these lines, these Supply Chains enable their things to be sold at centered expenses to their normal markets. 2. Redevelopment and joining with the help of the fairly qualified and achieved analysts, with a fantasy to develop their client base on a diminished number of things for each thing sort. 3. Lessening its capital utilizing to a specific pace of Sales. For example, Supply Chain costs and those customers should benefit from, because of diminished thing costs. 4. Build up their middle associations (texture, hair, kid and female psyche) and heading brands into more grounded showcase pioneers. They make worth making practices all through the entire Supply Chain for every one of its middle things, through for example, the pooling of data, fitness and compass. Key assignments for Supply Chain Management 1. Creation of techniques that help the surge of rough materials and finished product to and from Procter wager workplaces; 2. Help of the transportation of rough materials to its collecting regions; 3. Improvement of methods that will keep Procter wager heading the business place in coordinations organizations; 4. Organization of coordinations information; customer demands and the concise transport of finished thing to the trade customers. Gracefully Network An agent based showing eccentric, adaptable structure Procter Gamble change its Supply Chain structure with the used of an administrator based showing in which its basics helped the association until they most likely wont even considers it a Supply Chain. The Cincinnati-based maker of Tide, Crest, Pringles, Pampers, Clairol and 300 unique things currently consider its relationship with 5 billion clients in 140 countries a Supply Network. (Computerworld 2010) Larry Kellam, the Procter Gambles Director of Supply Network (Memo to Oracle 2012) communicates that, Chain indications something that is progressive, that obliges dealing with off information in progression. We believe it have to work like a framework, similarly as a web, so everybody has detectable quality to the information. The said model are to an incredible degree staggering in a strong part of its structures general are in all honesty made up of semi-self-sufficient close by agents following up on two or three essential guidelines. One can make sure about and improve the whole structure

Terror Tales

Margaret Atwood Reveals Her Genre Kryptonite Horror/Terror Tales This post is part of our  Margaret Atwood Riot Reading Day, a celebration of one of our  favorite  authors on the occasion of the publication of her new novel, MaddAddam. Check out the full line-up here. We are thrilled to present this guest post by Margaret Atwood.  Atwood,  whose work has been published in thirty-five countries, is the author of more than forty books of fiction, poetry, and critical essays. In addition to The Handmaids Tale, her novels include Cats Eye, short-listed for the Booker Prize; Alias Grace, which won the Giller Prize in Canada and the Premio Mondello in Italy; The Blind Assassin, winner of the 2000 Booker Prize; Oryx and Crake, short-listed for the 2003 Man Booker Prize; The Year of the Flood; and her most recent, MaddAddam. She is the recipient of the Los Angeles Times Innovators Award, and lives in Toronto with the writer Graeme Gibson. Follow her on  Twitter @margaretatwood. _________________________ I was sitting around with some family members discussing “horror” and “terror” over the blueberry pie, when I   gave it as my opinion that “horror” had to do with the body and “terror” with the mind. A spirited discussion took place in which these views were challenged, and I realized I hadn’t articulated my position clearly enough. Off I went to one of the earliest specialists in horror/terror writing, Ann Radcliffe. She was the author of The Italian, the early Gothic novel that so delighted the young heroine of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey. Radcliffe felt that “terror” had a degree of “obscurity and indeterminacy” that contributed to its “sublime” potential, but that “horror,” being unambiguous, lacked this quality. Terror is the fear of something dreadful yet to come. Horror, on the other hand, has a bowl-of-eyeballs yuck factor. That must have been what I meant by my mind/body distinction. This is a long preface to the announcement that I’ve just reviewed Stephen King’s forthcoming novel, Doctor Sleep, for the New York Times Book Review. This is a questionable thing to do, in that it will be questioned: I anticipate a chorus of disgruntled harrumphs from both sides of the literary pond. From those who think that “literary” authors should stick to their ivory towers and not frolic in the third-class swimming pool, a curl of the lip: why am I slumming? And from those who feel that “genres” are their own private carnival, annoyance that I am sneaking under the fence: what do “literary” writers know about such specialized “genre” wordfeats, anyway? Quite a lot, as it turns out. Horror/terror tales are rooted in folktales, of which I was an avid reader since the age of seven. (My parents sent away for the collected Grimms’, not realizing that this edition was complete and unexpurgated: no red-hot eyeballs or decomposing corpses were omitted.) To add to that, the complete Edgar Allan Poe was in the primary school library â€" those were the days in which only the presence or absence of Sex determined what was suitable for children â€" so I was no stranger to tell-tale hearts, teeth ripped out of semi-corpses, dead women coming back to life through other dead women, and so forth. Add to this the fact that the Comics Code Authority didn’t impose its rules until 1954 â€" a little too late for me. These rules included the prohibition of the words “horror” and “terror” on the covers, and of “depravity, lust, sadism,” gruesome pictures, the walking dead, torture, vampires, ghouls, cannibalism and werewolves. Indeed, none such appeared in the comparatively wholesome pages of Captain Marvel, Superman, or Batman. But the rules applied only to color comics, and the outlawed motifs flourished unchecked in the black-and-whites that a young person such as myself could purchase at the corner drugstore, read after lights-out, and then deposit under the bed of an older brother because the things were just too horrifying to store in one’s own room. I was therefore well-prepared to run my little sister’s Hallowe’en-themed birthday parties. Having decorated the cake with pumpkins and bats, I painted my face green, shone a flashlight under my chin, gathered the quivering little party-goers under the diningâ€"room table, and fed them a regurgitated mash of the above-mentioned materials. These parties were very popular, but there are a number of traumatized sixty-two year olds still walking the planet. Such experiences equipped me for my later academic study of the eighteenth-century, nineteenth-century, and early twentieth-century Gothic, including the well-known classics, Frankenstein and Dracula, but also more “literary” ghost-and-weirdness tales such as those of Bulwer Lytton, Charles Dickens, Henry James, R.L. Stevenson, and M.R. James. Name your present-day horror trope: each has a long genealogy. It also seems to be a general rule that this year’s despised pop shocker may well furnish the next decade’s serious thesis material. What is Beowulf â€" what is Inanna’s descent to the Underworld â€" what is the dismemberment of Osiris, not to mention Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus â€" but horror/terror shock material of a former age? Yes, some of it was “religious” in intent   It would be, wouldn’t it, as the membrane separating gods and monsters is notoriously thin. So no harrumphing about my interest in the form, please. Horror/terror and “literature” are not mutually exclusive. In fact, tales of this kind may be among the most “literary” that there are, being both very ancient, and â€" unlike, say, social realism, in which a real tour of a real meat-packing factory may be involved â€" derived entirely from other tales. (Hint: there aren’t really any Walking Dead. Sorry. Sad, but true. Therefore all such monsters are metaphors.) But, you may ask, why do we like this stuff? Ah. That’s another question. Come under the dining room table with me, my dears, and I will answer it. Bring your flashlights. _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Family Structure - 3365 Words

The impact of globalization on family–structure: a sociological study Abstract In the present research paper, we shall discuss a study which has been carried out on the Bengali community situating in the lowlands (Tarai) of the Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand and the effect of Modernization and Globalization on their family structure on this community. Its historicity lies in the fact that the Bengali community living in the lowlands of Udham Singh Nagar has all come from East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) and mainly from its three districts viz. Khulna, Faridpur and Jasaur. Keywords: Impact of Globalization , Family–Structure, Population Exchange Policy INTRODUCTION Ever since the growth of human civilization, change has remained†¦show more content†¦Change in the first aspect of family structure has been clarified by the following point: Change in the Structure of Family Due to the influence of Modernization and Globalization, there has been definite change in the family structure and the original structure of family has been un dergoing changes. The nuclear Family has become the fashion and is taking the place of joint family system. In the past, the joint family system was much prevalent in this community. But in the younger generation nuclear family system is practiced at larger scale. During research it also came in limelight that in the past majority of the families were large, but in the present time the family size has been changing rapidly. The table given below shows the family structure and size of the Bengali community situating the lowlands (Tarai) region of Udham Singh Nagar district. Journal of Experimental Sciences 2012, 3(1): 10-13 11 Table 1. Nature and size of family in the Bengali community Sl.No. Nature of Family Small (01-04 Members) 00 105 105 35% Size of Family Medium (03-07 Members) 00 114 114 38% Total Large (Above 07 Members) 81 00 81 27% Percentage 1 2 3 4 Joint Nuclear Total Percentage 81 219 300 100 27 81 100 100 The above mentioned table infers that about 27 percent families belong to large-size and come under the category of joint family systems. The total numbers of members in these families areShow MoreRelatedFamily Structures And Family Structure Essay1830 Words   |  8 Pagesargues that today, family pathways are more important than family structure. In this context, family structure refers to the organization of a family, and the way that it has been changing as a result of the gender revolution. For example, some nontraditional family structures that are explored in the book include double parent families with both parents earning, single parent families (mostly single mothers), and families with same-sex parents. Gerson argues that while family structures are not negligibleRead MoreFamily Structures And The Family Structure Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesIt is commonly accepted in contemporary society that family structures are defined as being either a nuclear family, or one that strays away from that. According to Dalton Conley in the fourth edition of You May Ask Yourself, the nuclear family is defined as a familial form consisting of a father, a mother, and their children (453). By definition and contemporary societal norms, my family would be categorized as abnormal or different. Having been raised in an apartment in the Bronx, New York withRead MoreFamily Structure And Structure Of The British Family1744 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction. Family is the fundamental unit of society. The concept and structure of the British family has seen a change over the last 50 years. These changes have culminated in the decay of marriage and therefore the rise of cohabitation, new forms of family composition and the delay of parenthood, thus, making traditional nuclear family less stable than in previous generations (Jenkins et al. 2009). The aim of this essay is of great importance as it will look at important decades since theRead MoreFamily Structure Of The Family867 Words   |  4 PagesFamily is defined as a group of people related to each other or lives together under the same roof and a place to foster and develop both physical and mental. Family structure can be varied by each family. The family is the fundamental unit and micro-structure of society. The level of development of the family reflects the state of social existence both physical and cultural and based on trust and shared experiences that define how individual members interact and relate to each other and the worldRead MoreThe Family Structure Of Family1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe family structure determines where you derive from and provides a sense of who you are. The typical family structure is perceived as a father and a mother, two children, one boy and one girl, and a pet. The typical family description described above is still promoted and expected to be the â€Å"dream family.† Author Meyerhoff, â€Å"While the nuclear family with Dad, Mom, and offspring happily coexisting beneath one roof-remains the ideal, variations in family structure are plentiful and often successful†Read MoreFamily Structure And The Family891 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Interview Paper If the family structure is a mobile, the family meal is the string that holds each family in their place. The Grey’s are an entrepreneurial middle class family consisting of dad, mom, and five children. They have four children G, A, P, M, and S. The oldest (G) is ten, and the youngest (S) is one. Dad is a graphics engineer who works from home. Mom is a nursing student. Their schedules give them the flexibility to be involved in the children’s lives most of the day, which canRead MoreThe, Family, And Family Structure1818 Words   |  8 PagesThe most fundamental of a family is interaction. The interconnectedness among family members helps to maintain a family structure. According to McGoldrick (2006), family patterns repeat from one generation to the next generation. These triangular patterns are impacting functioning, relationships, and family structure. Looking at the current and historical context of the family, the genogram illustrated some repetitive patterns i n Michelle’s family. There were many intergenerational losses andRead MoreThe And Structure Of Family1095 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition and structure of family has significantly developed throughout the years, with liberal perspectives suggesting alternative family arrangements. In 1973, Michael Young and Peter Willmott conducted studies of family life within the London area and concluded that the development and changes within the structure of family life can be sorted into three categories of time. (Van Krieken et al. 2017, p. 107). The pre-industrial family (up until the early 19th century), the early industrial family (IndustrialRead MoreStructural Family Therapy : Family Structure1214 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Family Therapy considers family as a unit which grows and evolves with the passage of time and goes on to form culture and community (â€Å"What Is Structural Family Therapy and How It Works | New Health Advisor,† n.d.). Structural Family Therapy is based on three main principles. The first is family structure, the interactions among different families vary depending on inherent family rules. Each family member adjusts their behavior in accordance to the rules to make sure that the family systemRead MoreThe Structure Of The American Family Structures933 Words   |  4 PagesThe understanding of the Diverse Family Structures is important as the structure of the American family grows and changes. To be an effective teacher you need to understand your students and their family structure. Some reach I did on this to become more equipped in understanding the family structure while teaching diversity The Many Kinds of Families in Our Communities by Julie Edwards describes the many different types of family structures and a brief description of each one. The next article

Sample Resume Influenza Virus Vaccine - 918 Words

Writing Assignment: 01 Proper Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine Trade name: FLUCELVAX ®1 Product Sponsor: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.1 Regulatory milestones: 1) BLA submission: November 22, 20111 2) First pre-BLA meeting: July 31, 20071 3) The original BLA submitted in February 2009 was withdrawn to include the results of the clinical endpoint study.1 4) Second pre-BLA meeting: December 15, 20101 5) BLA Approval: November 20, 2012 Pharmacologic Class: Vaccine Introduction and description of the product: FLUCELVAX ® is a first of its kind flu vaccine, approved by U.S. FDA to use cell culture technology. FLUCELVAX ®, an intramuscular injection is used in the prevention of seasonal flu caused by influenza virus types A (subtypes H1N1 and H3N2) and B.1 It is indicated for use in individuals of age 18 years or older.1 The manufacturing process uses mammalian cells instead of chicken eggs to grow viral strains. It is a trivalent and inactivated influenza vaccine, consisting of a continuous cell line of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells.1 â€Å"The formulation of FLUCELVAX ® contains 45 micrograms (mcg) hemagglutinin (HA) per 0.5 mL dose in 15 mcg HA of each of the following three influenza strains: A/Brisbane/10/2010 (wild type) (H1N1); A/South Australia/55/2014 (wild type) (H3N2); B/Utah/9/2014. Residual amounts in each dose of FLUCELVAX ® may contain MDCK cell protein (≠¤8.4 mcg), a protein other than HA (≠¤ 120 mcg), MDCK cell DNA (≠¤ 10 ng), polysorbate 80 (≠¤ 1125Show MoreRelatedPsych Exam Chapter 1216262 Words   |  66 Pagestension and headaches. D) an increase in the frequency of cold, influenza, and pneumonia infections. 50. As shown in a bar graph in your textbook, nearly 50 percent of adults across the United States reported _____ after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. A) increased use of alcohol, cigarettes, and/or marijuana. B) severe migraine and tension headaches. C) sleep problems and disturbances. D) frequent colds and influenza infections. 51. Walter Cannon is to _____ as Hans Selye isRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDiagnosing the Need for Team Building 531 Comparison Data 531 531 10 LEADING POSITIVE CHANGE 533 SKILL ASSESSMENT 534 Diagnostic Surveys for Leading Positive Change 534 Leading Positive Change 534 Reflected Best-Self Feedbackâ„ ¢ Exercise 535 A Sample E-Mail Request for Feedback 535 Machiavellianism Scale—MACH IV 536 SKILL LEARNING 538 Leading Positive Change 538 Ubiquitous and Escalating Change 539 The Need for Frameworks 539 Tendencies Toward Stability 540 A Framework for Leading Positive Change

Greenland Glaciers Free Essays

Geological Features: glacier is commonly white and made of ice. It may appear dirty near its end due to debris that it is carried or pushed by the movement o f the glacier. Glaciers can be massive in size stretching across continents (Greenland) or m ay be small sitting atop of mountains. We will write a custom essay sample on Greenland Glaciers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Landscape is ice with some formation of dirt and other land mixed in due to movement. B. The size Of a glacier may depend on if on land or broken off from land. Greenland Ocean depending on where the glacier is from and the time period, different mineral s and elements may be present in the glaciers core. 2. Process(SE): Glaciers are formed when snow builds up for several years from snowfall that exceeds snowbell. Over time, as new snow compresses the axis ting snow, the weight causes the snow underneath to turn to ice. The hardening effect is Simi liar to what happens when you pack a snowball in your hand. The pressure from addition al layers of snow builds for up to thousands of years; the ice gets compressed so much the at the air is forced out and the glacier’s color appears to be blue. A. Singularly confederacies ice. B . As snow builds up, the pressure causes ice to form below c . Color may appear blue due to the force AAA Real world Example(s): Greenland and the formation of ice on top of the land. How to cite Greenland Glaciers, Papers

Politics Essay Topics and Writing Tips

Politics affects every person in the world. There are numerous critical issues which are addressed in this discipline, for example, justice, sovereignty, democracy, globalization, populism, environmentalism, nationalism, etc. Due to the vast nature of the topics within politics and their heavy intertwinement with other disciplines such as economics, health, philosophy, religion, science, etc. political science papers can be quite complex. However, writing a paper in political science helps you to think critically about past, present and future issues that directly affect our world and to which you can add your own voice. Successful execution of a politics paper requires rigorous research and mastery of the concepts contained therein. From topic selection, pre-reading and dissecting the question, do your research, all the way to creating drafts, writing and submitting your work, this article provides a guide to submit an impeccable politics essay or research paper. First, What Is a Politics Essay? Politics is a mostly argumentative discipline. The premises of countless debates have been used to dictate policy and make life changing contributions not just to countries, but to our entire world. Note that this is â€Å"argumentative† and not â€Å"persuasive,† as the purpose of a politics paper is not for you to impose your own personal opinions on your readers. Politics essays, therefore, seek to showcase your understanding of core concepts and your ability to relate what you have learnt in class with what actually happens in the real world. For example, your essay prompt may sound something like â€Å"Is the use of foreign intervention in Syria justified in light of UN sanctions and the recent use of chemical weapons? Relate this to the concept of sovereignty.† This is a very specific example which is asking you to provide commentary on an ongoing international affair covering areas of foreign intervention, the imposition of UN sanctions and the concept of sovereignty. You have to be well versed on these subjects and understand theoretical literature before tackling this very precise question. It isn’t room to give your own personal opinions on the matter; rather the goal is for you to build clear arguments in response to the question. Simply put, you should convince your reader through your points that your answer or your solution is the best, by providing solid research, data and sources, fully cited. How to Write a Good Politics Essay Most students are able to pull of research in politics papers comfortably. The major problem is structuring that research and pieces of evidence into proper arguments that can comfortably stand the needed opposition. In many cases, we already have preconceived ideas of the answers that should be provided. However, there is no space for personal opinion. Any debate presented should be supported by fact and reason. Scholars may also have differing views on concepts such as ‘freedom’ or ‘democracy.’ This means you have to understand and carefully apply background theory in order to come up with the best answer to your question. How to Start a Politics Essay For your paper, a topic may be provided to you, or you may be faced with an open prompt. In this case, choose a topic that isn’t too broad or vague. â€Å"The fall of Socialism in the Soviet Union† is too wide, but â€Å"corruption and currency devaluation as a cause of the fall of Socialism in the Soviet Union† is a more focused and narrowed topic. Once you’ve settled on a topic, you should brainstorm before doing any research. This allows you to adopt a more unbiased and independent methodology to your writing. As you do more digging, you will come across the works of more formative and influential authors, and these can form a grounding for your own thesis statement. How to Structure a Politics Essay Always Start With an Outline As you brainstorm and start your research, the purpose of the question becomes much clearer, and you get more comfortable with the direction that your thoughts are levitating to. You can now start planning your writing by first starting with an outline that summarizes the paper into its various sections, and with a few words for each section. This outline should mesh with your politics essay structure, complete with sections such as the introduction, body paragraphs (arguments, transitions, and counterarguments), and the conclusion. As you write, you should also annotate to make your writing easier. Politics Essay Introduction This section showcases your background understanding of the research material and the theoretical framework within which you answer the question. The research question and thesis should be clear, succinct and concise. Furthermore, you should also define any terms or keywords which directly affect your question, for example, you might want to define a term such as ‘sovereignty.’ Politics Essay Body The crux of any politics paper is argumentation. Arguments are the build-up to your thesis, just like columns support the superstructure of a building. Focus on a single argument in each paragraph, introducing each section with a header and a topic sentence. Make your arguments as clear as possible without any ambiguity. Structure your arguments and sub-arguments based on which arrangement places your debate in the strongest position. Ideally, you should also offer an anticipated counterargument from a probable point of objection. Politics Essay Conclusion Give a quick recap of your thesis and tie that up with your main arguments. You might also talk about the broader implications of the debate and how your approach might help shed new light on the debate. Remember to write your conclusion consistently and plainly and be brief. Our experts always remind students, so they always try to express their ideas using one’s own words and minimize the use of quotations. Any unoriginal ideas should always be properly cited based on the technique required by your rubric. If the process seems too difficult or you run out of time, always consult our expert writers in the field! Here you can find not only reliable tips on how to write, but also a reliable and professional essay writing assistance to finish that dreadful task. We can and will help, order now to succeed!

Biography of Edward Low, English Pirate

Biography of Edward Low, English Pirate Edward Ned Low (1690–1724) was an English criminal, sailor, and pirate. He took up piracy sometime around 1722 and was very successful, plundering dozens if not hundreds of ships over the course of his criminal career. Low was known for his cruelty to his prisoners and was greatly feared on both sides of the Atlantic. Fast Facts: Edward Low Known For: Low was an English pirate known for his viciousness and brutality.Also Known As: Edward Lowe, Edward LoeBorn: 1690 in Westminster, London, EnglandDied: 1724 (place of death unknown) Early Life Low was born in Westminster, London, probably sometime around 1690. As a youth, he was a thief and a gambler. He was a strong young man and would often beat up other boys for their money. Later, as a gambler, he would cheat brazenly: if anyone called him on it, he would fight them and usually win. When he was a teenager, he went to sea and worked for a few years in a rigging house (where he made and repaired ships ropes and rigging) in Boston. Piracy Tiring of life on land, Low signed on board a small vessel that was headed to the Bay of Honduras to cut logwood. Such missions were risky, as the Spanish coastal patrol would attack them if they were sighted. One day, after a long days work cutting logwood, the captain ordered Low and the other men to make one more trip, so as to fill the ship faster and get out of there. Low became enraged and fired a musket at the captain. He missed but killed another sailor. Low was marooned and the captain took the opportunity to rid himself of a dozen or so other malcontents as well. The marooned men soon captured a small boat and turned pirate. The new pirates went to Grand Cayman Island, where they met a pirate force under the command of George Lowther on board the ship Happy Delivery. Lowther was in need of men and offered to let Low and his men join. They did happily, and Low was made lieutenant. Within a couple of weeks, the Happy Delivery had taken a big prize: the 200-ton ship Greyhound, which they burned. They took several other ships in the Bay of Honduras over the next few weeks, and Low was promoted to captain of a captured sloop, which was outfitted with 18 cannons. It was a quick rise for Low, who had been a junior officer on board the logwood ship only weeks before. Not long after, as the pirates refitted their ships on an isolated beach, they were attacked by a large group of angry natives. The men had been resting on the shore, and although they were able to escape, they lost much of their loot and the Happy Delivery was burned. Setting out in the remaining ships, they resumed piracy once more with great success, capturing many merchant and trading vessels. In May 1722, Low and Lowther decided to part ways. Low was then in charge of a Brigantine with two cannons and four swivel guns, and there were some 44 men serving under him. Over the next two years, Low became one of the most successful and feared pirates in the world. He and his men captured and robbed dozens of vessels over a wide area, ranging from the western coast of Africa to the southeastern United States. His flag, which was well-known and feared, consisted of a red skeleton on a black field. Tactics Low was a clever pirate who would use brute force only when necessary. His ships collected a variety of flags and he would often approach targets while flying the flag of Spain, England, or whatever other nation they thought their prey might be from. Once close, they would run up the Jolly Roger and begin firing, which was usually enough to demoralize the other ship into surrendering. Low preferred to use a small fleet of two to four pirate ships to better outmaneuver his victims. He could also use the threat of force. On more than one occasion, he sent messengers to coastal towns threatening an attack if they were not given food, water, or whatever else he wanted. In some cases, he held hostages. More often than not, the threat of force worked and Low was able to get his provisions without firing a shot. Nevertheless, Low developed a reputation for cruelty and ruthlessness. On one occasion, as he prepared to burn a ship he had recently captured and no longer needed, he ordered the ships cook tied to the mast to perish in the fire. The reason was that the man was a greasy fellow who would sizzle- this proved amusing to Low and his men. On another occasion, they caught a galley with some Portuguese aboard. Two friars were hung from the Fore-Yard and jerked up and down until they died, and another Portuguese passenger- who had made the mistake of looking sorrowful at the fate of his friends- was cut to pieces by one of Lows men. Death In June 1723, Low was sailing in his flagship Fancy and was accompanied by the Ranger, under the command of Charles Harris, a loyal lieutenant. After successfully seizing and plundering several ships off of the Carolinas, they ran into the 20-gun Greyhound, a Royal Navy ship on the lookout for pirates. The Greyhound pinned down the Ranger and shot down its mast, effectively crippling it. Low decided to run, leaving Harris and the other pirates to their fate. All of the hands on board the Ranger were captured and brought to trial in Newport, Rhode Island. Twenty-five men (including Harris) were found guilty and hung, two more were found not guilty and sent to prison, and eight more were found not guilty on the grounds that they had been forced into piracy. Historians are not quite sure what happened to Low. According to the National Maritime Museum in London, the pirate was never captured and spent the rest of his life in Brazil. Another history suggests that his crew tired of his cruelty (he supposedly shot a sleeping man he had fought with, causing the crew to despise him as a coward). Set adrift in a small ship, he was found by the French and brought to Martinique for trial and hanged. This seems the most likely account, although there is little in the way of documentation to prove it. In any event, by 1725 Low was no longer active in piracy. Legacy Edward Low  was the real deal: a ruthless, cruel, clever pirate who terrorized transatlantic shipping for about two years during the so-called Golden Age of Piracy. He brought commerce to a halt and had naval vessels searching the Caribbean for him. He became, in a sense, the poster boy for the need to control piracy. Before Low, many pirates were either cruel or successful, but Low was a sadist with a well-armed and organized fleet. He was hugely successful in pirate terms, plundering well over 100 ships in his career. Only  Black Bart Roberts  was more successful in the same area and time. Low was also a good teacher- his lieutenant Francis Spriggs had a successful pirate career after absconding with one of Lows ships in 1723. Sources Defoe, Daniel, and Manuel Schonhorn. A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Publications, 1999.Konstam, Angus. World Atlas of Pirates: Treasures And Treachery On The Seven Seas- In Maps, Tall Tales, And Pictures. The Lyons Press, October 1, 2009.Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. First edition, Mariner Books, June 30, 2008.

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt A widely circulated email that began making the rounds in 2009 indirectly claims President Barack Obama tried to double the national debt in one year, presumably in his first budget proposal after taking office. The email invokes the name of Obamas predecessor, former President George W. Bush, in trying to make its point about the Democratic president and the growing national debt. Lets take a look at the email: If George W. Bush had proposed to double the national debt - which had taken more than two centuries to accumulate - in one year, would you have approved?If George W. Bush had then proposed to double the debt again within 10 years, would you have approved? The email concludes: So, tell me again, what is it about Obama that makes him so brilliant and impressive? Cant think of anything? Dont worry. Hes done all this in 6 months-so youll have three years and six months to come up with an answer! Doubling Down on the National Debt? Is there any truth to the claim Obama proposed to double the national debt in one year? Hardly. Even if Obama went on the most lavish spending spree imaginable, it would have been pretty difficult to double what had been the total publicly held debt, or national debt, of more than $6.3 trillion in January of 2009. It just didnt happen. What about the second question? Did Obama propose to double the national debt within 10 years? According to nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office projections, Obamas first budget proposal was, in fact, expected to double the countrys publicly held debt over the course of a decade. Perhaps this is the source of confusion in the chain email. The CBO projected that Obamas proposed budget would increase the national debt from $7.5 trillion - about 53 percent of the nations Gross Domestic Product - at the end of 2009 to $20.3 trillion - or 90 percent of the GDP - by the end of 2020. The publicly held debt, also called the national debt, includes all monies owed by the United States government to persons and institutions outside the government. National Debt Nearly Doubled Under Bush If youre looking for other presidents who nearly doubled the national debt, perhaps Mr. Bush is also a culprit. According to the Treasury, the publicly held debt was $3.3 trillion when he took office in 2001, and more than $6.3 trillion when he left office in 2009. Thats an increase of nearly 91 percent. CBO Projects Debt to Almost Double by 2048 In June 2018, the CBO projected that without major changes in government spending, the national debt will nearly double as a share of the economy over the next 30 years. Currently (2018) equivalent to 78 percent of the GDP, the GBO projects it will hit 100 percent of GDP by 2030 and 152 percent by 2048. At this point, the debt as a share of the GDP would exceed the records set during World War II. While government spending on discretionary or optional programs is expected to remain steady or even decrease, the growth in the debt will continue to be driven by health care costs and increased spending on entitlement spending, like Medicare and Social Security as ever-more people reach retirement age. In addition, the CBO projects that President Trump’s tax cuts will add to the debt, especially if Congress makes them permanent. The tax cuts, currently in effect for 10 years, are expected to reduce the government’s revenue by $1.8 trillion through 2028, with even greater reductions in revenue if the tax cuts are made permanent. Large and growing federal debt over the coming decades would hurt the economy and constrain future budget policy, reported the CBO. The amount of debt that is projected under the extended baseline would reduce national saving and income in the long term; increase the governments interest costs, putting more pressure on the rest of the budget; limit lawmakers ability to respond to unforeseen events; and increase the likelihood of a fiscal crisis. Updated by Robert Longley

Morrison (super market in UK) Financial Reporting Coursework

Morrison (super market in UK) Financial Reporting - Coursework Example This ratio particularly shows a firm’s ability to satisfy its short-term financial obligations. This ratio is calculated using the following formula; current assets / current liabilities. Based on Morrison financial report ending on February 2015, the liquidity ratio is; In regards to the company’s liquidity status in the past financial year, it is noted that it was not at the desirable mark of a ratio of 1:1. This was attributed to high outstanding creditors’ bill and hence, it is probably not wise to invest in the company since the current assets are half of the current liabilities. Under profitability ratio, the key determinant ratio is return on equity, which is calculated by dividing net income by shareholders’ equity = -238 / 4692 * 100 = - 5.1%. The company made a loss of 238 million in the past financial year and hence why the return on equity was negative (-) 5.1%. This further affirms that the company is not a suitable investment option owing to the fact that the investor will not probably get any return on his / her investment. Since the month of September this year, the company’s share price has been on a decline, signaling that the financial position of the company is still weak up to this moment. The image below reflects the company’s share price performance for the past 3 months. All the key financial indicators show that the company is not in a good financial position and it is correct to assume the future prospects will not be good either; therefore, it will not be wise to invest in Wm Morrison Supermarket plc at the present moment. Morrison’s financial report (2014). Annual Report for the Period of 2013 to 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.morrisons-corporate.com/Documents/Corporate2014/Morrisons_AnnualReport13-14_Complete.pdf. Accessed on

Economic and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic and Society - Essay Example There are two different issues regarding the role of globalization as many argue that the governments, due to globalization, have lost their control over their own sovereignty. On the other hand, it is said that the due to globalization, the world as a whole, benefit from the globalization. It is often argued that with the increased globalization, governments often lose control over their own economic affairs and as such many developing countries consider globalization as a force which is in direct contravention of their sovereignty and control over their own domestic affairs. Due to globalization, domestic institutions gradually lose control over the economic policy making as global organizations largely influence their decision making process and the resulting changes would bring in more economic hardship rather than economic affluence for the country. Many developing countries also fear that the resulting changes would create such socio-cultural changes that the society will no longer remain within it traditional attire and foreign ideas and values will start to dominate the society. However, on the other hand, results also indicate that third world countries often benefit from globalization due to sheer transfer of technology, capital as well as knowledge. The resulting changes not only bring prosperity but also economic growth as well as a more secure future of the nation. It is truly difficult to define what globalization is and under what conditions it can provide desired benefits. Over the period of time, the discipline has evolved into a position where it has integrated many different disciplines and emerged as one of the most talked after multi-disciplinary concept. As such the current state of the concept inculcates into it various theoretical approaches, different disciplines as well as theoretical foundations, which are currently behind the emergence of the modern definition of globalization. Globalization has

Sub Saharan Africa Ssa Politics Essay

Sub Saharan Africa Ssa Politics Essay Sub-Saharan Africa is the largest current aid recipient region of the world since 2001 having overtaken Asia as the largest aid-receiving region. Since more than five decades ago, over $1 trillion has been disbursed to the region to spur development and integration into the global economy (Moyo, 2009; Dessai and Porter, 2009; and Handley et al. 2009). Despite the huge amount of aid flow to sub-Saharan Africa, widespread poverty, chronic hunger and prevalence of life-threatening diseases are unprecedented in the region. Institutions and scholars are now referring to food-malnutrition-hunger problems in the developing countries as the third crises' (Chibba, 2011:76-77).There are also increasing dependency on aid, foreign technologies, institutions and value system, (Todaro and Smith, 2011; Collier, 2008; Kelsall, 2008). The World Bank (2008) on the monitoring of the progress of MDG reported that the first goal of halving absolute poverty has been disappointing in sub-Saharan Africa. The failure of aid has generated debate among scholars and policy practitioner alike. This is because of the failure of fifty years of challenging aid interventions. Poor political leadership and weak state institution of recipient countries, and the agenda and conditionality imposed by donor countries and governments are attributed for the failure of aid politics and economics of aid. However, the availability of abundant natural resources in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries have not affected their fortune so-called resource curse (Ushie, 2012:1; TI, 2012; Handley et al 2009). The aid-growth debate, multilateral and bilateral institutions and prominent scholars like Jeffrey Sachs and Arndt et al. in Chibba (2011) support the view that aid has a key role to play in achieving poverty reduction and development. There are increasing demand for focussed aid to developing countries, especially small states, low-income countries and post-conflict states (Chibba 2011, Paulo and Reisen, 2010). Critics of Sachs work on aids role in development such as William Easterly (2006), Dambisa Moyo (2009) among others argued that poverty could be solved more by income redistribution than by growth and that aid is destructive to the economy of developing countries. However, the most important thing is finding workable and real-world solutions to address both poverty and development challenges. The role of institutional quality of a country is more significant and not closely related to the volume of development assistance to the country. It is also more important than the geographical location and integration of the country into world trade (Booth, 2011). He said this could be an argument for lack of strong positive link between aid and development outcome in sub-Saharan Africa. Kofi Annan in UNDP 2006 noted that governance issues remain crucial elements of all strategies towards poverty eradication and human development governance matters for development. Institutions, rules and political processes have major roles to play in whether children have access to quality education, whether people have access to basic things of life, and whether there is development or retrogression. Promoting human development is beyond overcoming economic, social and technological challenges: it includes political and institutional challenges, which causes poverty and insulation to developmen t (UNDP, 2002; Abdellatif, 2003). The governance crisis in sub-Saharan Africa is obvious in prevalent corruption, public services that are inefficient and inability of citizens to exercise their basic rights to choose their leaders court without justice, public officials demanding bribe and hospital without doctors and drugs. Good governance is crucial in eradicating poverty and promotes development through effective institutions and rules. These can be achieved through accountability, transparency, empowerment, participation and rule of law. Failures of social policies often occur because the beneficiaries lack political power and adequate representation in the decisions that affects their lives. Developing countries will promote human development for all with governance systems that are fully accountable to the citizens. People can be better off when they can participate in the debates and decisions that affect their lives (UNDP 2002). For aid to achieve its aims, the people that aid target must be empowered. Aung San Suu Kyi cited by UNDP (2002:52) argued, Development as growth, advancement and the realisation of potential depends on available resources and no resources are more effective than people being empowered are. Governance for human developments must protect human rights; promote wider participation of the people in the institutions and rules that affects their lives. It is not just about efficient, equitable economic and social outcomes, but must embrace fair process. Succinctly, it must be democratic in substance and in form by the people and for the people (p, 52). Todaro and Smith (2011) noted that development needs improved functioning of the public, private and citizens sector. Each of these actors has their weaknesses accountability. These weaknesses must be addressed to achieve balanced, shared and sustainable development. Civil society organisations have the capacity to reduce accountability gap in global governance. Scholars and policy-makers have come to accept the fact that active involvement of civil society organisations in governance will provide solution to accountability deficit in global governance (Scholte, 2011). Civil society should be a major player to achieve that goals by mobilising communities, delivering services and shaping policies (Ibrahim and Hulme, 2010; Bank and Hulme 2012; and Collins 2012). To critics, civil society might aggravate the problem because they themselves are poorly accountable to their constituency even if they have one (Scholte 2011; Steffeks et al, 2008, Kaldor 2002). The recent studies and international commitments reiterate the necessity of increasing research on poverty eradication and achieving sustainable development. Official monitoring of the impact of Paris Declaration where developed and developing countries make commitment to make aid effective by 2011 showed that only one of the thirteen targets has been met(OECD, 2011). Making aid effective and achieve its goal remains a crucial goal of development. Democratic governance is the answer good governance or good enough governance is democratic governance from human development perspective (UNDP 2002; Grindle, 2007). 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE This research intends to study how to overcome constraints to poverty reduction and achieving sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa. The research intends to answer these questions: What are the obstacles to poverty reduction and development in sub-Saharan Africa? What are the role of NGOs and civil society in promoting democracy in global and national governance institutions? What are the roles of civil society and NGOs in shaping governance policies and as alternative provider of social services? 1.2 METHODOLOGY There is an extensive literature on the role of state and non-state actors in governance of aid and capacities of different actors in governance institution towards poverty eradication and achieving human development in developing countries. This research will provide answers to the above questions by reviewing literature as a secondary data source. This method is selected considering the timescale of the study. It is possible to carry out this type of research by evaluation of secondary data source in assessing the core issues and approaches in providing solution to the research questions. This allows the critical appraisal of different literature source. Ethically, there is no research participant, hence no implication on any. This research is limited to the review of relevant literature on role of CSOs in poverty reduction, development and aid in developing countries and no field research This research work is structured in five chapters. The first chapter contains introduction of the issues in aid governance, the rationality for this research and research objectives methodology. Second chapter captures the rationality for aid in the development of sub-Saharan Africa. Its shed light on the challenges facing sub- Saharan Africa, and why aid has not been effective in reducing extreme poverty and promote human development. The concluding part of the chapter discusses global governance challenges and previous roles of NGOs and civil society in global governance and development. The third chapter discuss the centrality of democracy in governance and achieving sustainable human development. The focus of chapter four is the roles of NGOs and civil society in promoting democracy and addressing economic and development policy challenges. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of this research CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. RATIONALE BEHIND AID, AID DEBATE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Attainment of development by any nation depends on combination of factors. These include the countrys resources endowment and population; its governments policies and objectives; the availability of external capital and technology international flow of financial resources; and the international trade environment (Todaro and Smith, 2011). External capital comes in three main forms. The first of these involves private foreign direct and portfolio investment by large transnational corporations and purchase of bonds, stocks and notes in the developing countries credit and equity markets by private institutions and individuals. The second involves remittances of earnings by international migrants; and the third involves public and private development assistance foreign aid. In the case of sub-Saharan Africa, there are factors that make it unattractive for private foreign direct and portfolio investment. Political instability and incessant military take-over; economic factors and poor bu siness environment; geographical factors majority of the countries in the region are landlocked nations; and insecurity of life and property and poor infrastructure makes it unattractive as a place for foreign investment (Sachs, 2005:63). In addition, remittances of earnings by international migrants are small. According to United Nation report cited by Todaro and Smith (2011), only Nigeria and Egypt have remittance of 4.7 and 5.8 percent of their GDP. The above situation makes the role of aid in the development of sub-Saharan Africa significant. Aid aims to fill the gap limiting development by supplementing savings to boost investment for improving productive capacity and needed infrastructures that facilitate development (Burnell, 2008; TI, 2011 and Todaro and Smith, 2011:702). The argument is that developing countries lacks adequate domestic savings required for investment opportunities. Coupled with this, African countries have low foreign-exchange earnings to finance imports. Lack of physical and human capital to attract private investment does not also help matter. Despite the increasing flow of aid, government policies and objectives are militating against its effectiveness. Defining foreign aid is conceptually problematic. To Dambisa Moyo (2009), aid is simply the sum total of both concessional loan and grants. Concessional loans are funds to be repaid, but with a more favourable repayment conditions to the borrower than what can be obtained through standard financial markets. It is sometimes at the expense of the lending countries. Grants are money given for nothing in return. She mentioned three types of aid. The first is humanitarian aid. That is, aid in response to catastrophe and calamities. The second is charity-based aid. These are aid disbursed by charitable organisations (NGOs and other voluntary sectors) to institutions or people on ground (p7). The third form of aid is systemic aid. This is aid payments made directly to governments which could be either through government-to- government transfer( bilateral aid) or transfer through institution such as World Bank(multilateral aid). The widely used concept of aid is the combination of all official grants and concessional loans. It may be in kind or currency. Peter Burnell(2008), viewed aid as including transfer of finance, commodities and other goods, technical cooperation and debt relief and grants is the common form of bilateral aid to least developed countries because of their inability in the past to service concessional loans acquired,(p.503). The intention is transfer of resources from developed countries to developing countries to reduce poverty and facilitate development the common target of aid now (Todaro and Smith, 2011; TI 2011). The focus of aid on the human development, poverty reduction and good governance is a recent development in aid governance. The reason for the new focus of aid is the increasing high profile of other non-state actors in governance, particularly, civil society organisations (TI, 2011, UNDP 2007). This weakened the monopoly of the state in promoting development and the role o f these non-state actors are increasing as the power of the state declines and global economic activities intensifies (Dessai and Porter, 2008: 499). They defined the state as the network of government, quasi-government and non-governmental institutions (traditional institutions) that coordinates, regulates and monitors economic and social activities (p. 499). The US Marshall Plan (1948-51) of post-war reconstructions in Western Europe success set spur the use of aid vehicle in promoting development, but the failure of aid to achieve same in least developed nations is a case for concerns. The contemporary experiences generated heated debate on the relevance of aid to national development and spurred the queries of rationalities behind aid (Moyo, 2009; Burnell, 2008 and 1997; Collier, 2008 and Todaro and Smith, 2011). In the first decade of twenty-first century, the common reason given by donor nations for giving aid are moral and humanitarian interest in helping the less privileged. Some development assistance has been in the form of emergency food relief and medical program currently in Afghanistan, Somalia, Haiti, Southern Sudan and Syria. As true as that may be, there are historical evidences that support the claim that no donor nation give aid without expecting something in return. Some of the reasons are political and economic gain, counterterrorism especially after September 11, antinarcotics in Mexico and Latin America, and prevention of HIV and AIDS. Common motivation by donor countries is political benefits. Burnell (2008) argued that even US aid for post-war reconstruction in Western Europe was motivated by political and concerns for national security and superpower competition with USSR (Todaro and Smith, 2011). The hidden rationale of the US Marshall Plan was mainly to contain the spread of communism. The success achieved in bringing Western Europe back on sound economic footing was clear, but it also gave US the advantage of influencing foreign policy with that part of Europe becoming its allies. It enhanced the emergence of US-led multilateralism (Moyo 2009:12). The focus shifted in 1950s from Europe to developing nations while the agenda of containment embodied in the US aid programme dictated a shift in emphasis toward political, economic, and military support for friendly less developed nations especially those considered geographically strategic (Todaro and Smith, 2011:701). The Cold War marked the political contest between USSR and US. African countries were used as battleground to make the newly independent nations either communist or capitalist. The protracted disaster in Syria reflects the hegemony between Russia, China and US. In the Latin America, Alliance for Progress in 1960s was established to promote economic development of the region, but underlying that is the motivation to counter rise of Fidel Castro in Cuba and the fear of communism in other Latin America nations. The doomed fate of the Alliance for Progress showed its irrelevance to US scheme of affairs. Dated back to 1940s, Britain government gives aid for infrastructural projects to poorer nations, majorly to commonwealth member countries and British Colonial Development and Welfare Act was established to fund social services (Moyo, 2009). In sum, Western donors give aid as a political instrument to prop up friendly political regimes in developing nations based on their own national security interest. Critics of aid argued that the fight against AIDS is to prevent it from spreading to the West and likely state collapse that might be a haven for terrorist (Moyo, 2009; Maathai, 2009). There is strong economic rationale for foreign aid from developed countries. Chief among them are Japan and Germany. Japan gave aid to less developed Asian neighbours to promote its private investments and expanding trade. Chinas aid in Africa currently have same motive. The aim of Marshall Plan was for Europe to regain their social, political and economic stability and to regain their level of development. US injected about $100bilion (current value of the aid package) as rescue package under George C. Marshal, the then US Secretary of State in 1947, for post- Second World War reconstruction in Europe. The birth of Breton Wood institutions (IMF, World Bank and WTO) in 1940s with the agenda of restructuring international finance, establishing a multilateral trading system and formation of framework for economic cooperation to avoid the experience of the Great Depression of 1930s reinforce aid system. They were to enhance capital investment for reconstruction and manage global financi al system purposely to share investment risk between countries where all member nation bankroll the risk involved (Moyo, 2009; Todaro and Smith, 2011 and Dessai and Porter, 2008). Economic benefits also accrues to the donor countries especially from tied aid loans or grants that requires the recipient countries to use the fund to purchase goods and services from the donor countries. According to Todaro and Smith (2011:705), a large fraction of US aid has been spent on American Consultants and other US businesses. The recipient countries accept aid based on their belief on the economic tenets of developed nations as a requirement for the achievement of their own development and in some cases and lack of domestic resources. To some corrupt leaders aid is attractive because they hardly account for it and sometimes used to suppress opposition and retain power military assistance. Moral obligation, some argued, compel the donor countries to assist the less developed nation on humanitarian ground. They believe that the rich countries, especially former colonial masters such as Britain, US, France, Italy, Spain Portugal to mention a few, owe the poor countries reparation for their past exploitations. Aid and aid governance has generated hot debate and political disagreement among scholars, policy-makers and the public (Collier, 2008:99). The first argument is on aid effectiveness in promoting development. Proponents of aid believe that it has engendered economic growth and transformed many developing countries. The Nobel Laureate, Maathai (2009), in her book The Challenge for Africa observed that Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) alone has provided over $650 billion in development assistance to sub-Saharan Africa. She noted the flows have not reversed the increasing death of poor African because of malaria, HIV/AIDS and other deadly diseases. However, the impact of foreign media and development experts concern on Africa issues especially on preventable diseases has been helpful, but that is not the concerns of sub-Saharan Africa public officials. Collier (2008) noted that aid tends to speed up growth. In Africa, he pointed out that aid has added about 1 percent to the countries annual economic growth rate of the bottom billion. Though not encouraging, but according to him, the growth rate in those countries has been less than 1 percent or even zero. The aid addition to the growth rate is the difference between economic stagnation and severe cumulative decline and without aid, cumulatively the countries of the bottom billion over would have become poorer than they are today: aid has been a holding operation preventing things from falling apart (Collier, 2008:100). The renewed commitment of the world leaders and international organisation involved in the governance of aid reinforced the position that aid is relevant to the development of sub-Saharan Africa. They agreed that properly administered aid would meet its development objectives (Paris Declaration, 2005). Critics of aid argue that aid does not promote growth and develop ment, but contrarily may even be destructive to development of developing nations. Moyo (2009) vigorously criticised aid in Africa. She argued: the notion that aid can alleviate systemic poverty and has done so is a myth. Millions in Africa are poorer today because of aid; misery and poverty have not ended but have increased. Aid has been and continue to be, an unmitigated political, economic, and humanitarian disaster for the most part of the developing world (p.xix). In the same vein, Peter Baueras cited by Moyo (2009), noted that aid distort development as the fund ended in the hand of a selected few. He said aid is a form of taxing the poor in the developed countries to enrich the new elites in their former colonies. Baueras concluded that aid-based theories and policies are inconsistent with sound economic management and with reality of the situation in developing nations. The argument that aid had had little or no impact on the development of sub-Saharan Africa is strong. However, one can be curious to ask what befell the income from the countries earnings from natural resources and other revenues. In reality, those resources also have not been of any impact on the development of the region (Ushie, 2012; Handley et al. 2009; and Chibba 2011, TI 2012). Moyo (2009) agreed on this and admitted that the problem of Africa is beyond aid because domestic earnings also seem to be a curse. Collier argued that the growth rate in countries with natural resources (oil windfall) such as Nigeria that earned over $280 billion from crude oil were not different from those other countries without such resources and with even negative effect of oil windfall on their economies. He lamented that more aid without changes in approach to governance is doomed to fail: but as a general instruments (aid) for developing the bottom billion they would be more reassuring had oil and other natural resources revenues been more successful in achieving development(2008:102). Maathai supported this claim: Unfortunately, too many African governments have used their budgets, and their natural resources, not to invest in their people, but in precisely the opposite manner(Maathai, 2009:75). Another dimension of aid debate is aid-conditionality. Formal president of South Africa, Dr Nelson Mandela, at the United Nation Summit in 1995 said it is to perpetuate difficulties of the South for the North to relate to us as hapless victims to dictate to regarding loans and the employment of aid (cited by Todaro and Smith,2011:684). Argument against conditionality is popular among civil society, governments and the international institutions involving in the governance of aid. Conditionality-based lending started in 1980s with recommendation for economic policy and institutional reform with Structural Adjustment Programme taken central stage. It incurred resentment because people viewed it as coercive and offensive to sovereignty (Burnell, 2008:505). Based on Dollar and Burnsides (1998) recommendation, selectivity was introduced to aid favouring countries that show commitment to sound development policy and good governance. Critics view this as depriving assistance to countries that desperately need the help. Nevertheless, Collier noted that aid agencies have little incentives to enforce conditionality because people get promotion by disbursing fund, not by withholding it. He advocated for a shift in the focus of governments to the welfare of their citizens. He argued that the internal process by which citizens force government to be accountable to them is weak in developing nations and must be strengthened. To achieve this, external pressure is needed and legitimate: Why should we give aid to governments that are not willing to let their citizens see how they spend it (2008:110). The focus of all stakeholders in aid governance now must be how to make it effective in meeting its development goals, because aid is at the heart of governance today and it is unlikely to disappear, (Moyo, 2009:66). Aid effectiveness can be viewed as efforts gear toward ensuring the maximum impact of development aid for getting the most possible lives improved. Elliot Stern et al (2008:20) based on the principle of Paris Declaration (PD) defined aid effectiveness as arrangement for the planning, management and deployment of aid that is efficient, reduces transaction costs and targeted towards development outcomes including poverty reduction. The theme of PD is how to improve the way aid is delivered and it was to supplement PRSP. It demands from donors to harmonise their assistance with the policies and systems of recipient countries to support country-owned development (Booth 2011). Development effectiveness of aid is conceived as the effectiveness of aid in promoting development. Human development requires more than achieving economic growth in GDP and raising income. The focus of development must shift from national income accounting to people-centred policies. Development is defined as the process of improving the quality of all human lives and capabilities by raising peoples levels of living, self-esteem, and freedom (Todaro and Smith, 2011:5). Sakiko Fukuda-Parr (2003) viewed development as the elimination of obstacles to what a person can do in life. Obstacles such as illiteracy, ill health, lack of access to resources or lack of civil and political freedoms. Amartya Sen (2001) noted that development should be viewed as a process of expanding the real freedom that people enjoyed. UNDP (2001) supported this by saying that the fundamental capabilities for human development are to live healthy and long lives, to be educated, to have access to resources for good standard of living and ability to participate in the life of the community. THE CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa are multi-dimensional, most importantly, the prevalence of extreme poverty and chronic diseases across the region. They form one-sixth of the world population, described by Paul Collier (2008) as the bottom billion. Sachs (2005:18) described them as too ill, hungry, or destitute to step the ladder of development. The webs of poverty make it extremely difficult to escape it on their own. Extreme poverty, according to him, means that households are unable to meet their basic physiological or biological needs for survival. Education is unaffordable for the children and there is no proper shelter for the household. Sachs (2005) reported that 93 percent of the world poor population lives in three regions: East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While it has reduced substantially in Asia, the percentage of extremely poor people has risen in sub-Saharan Africa (Handley et al. 2009; Moyo 2009; and Collier 2008). National Bureau of Economic Research (NGO) as quoted by Maathai (2009) reported that the economic growth of the world grew at 2 percent between 1960 and 2001, but the reverse was the case in Africa. She noted, GDP growth was negative from 1974 to mid-1990s and by 2003, sub-Saharan Africa GDP lowered by 11 percent than thirty previous years (p.48). In early 1960s, only 10 percent of the world poor were African, but in year 2000, African population formed 50 percent of the world poor. The growth rate of sub-Saharan Africa countries did not exceed 0.5 since 1960 when the population was 277million. With a population of over 900million, the growth rate remains unchanged. Such economic performance cannot guarantee meeting the basic needs of the people. Moyo (2009) also noted that sub-Saharan Africa remain the poorest region in the world with per capital income of $1 a day, lower than what it was in 1970s. The number of people from that region living in abject poverty doubled between 1981 and 2002. UNDP(2007) cited by Moyo(2009) predicted that by 2015, one-third of third of the world poor would be African contrary to one fifth in 1990. Life expectancy stands at 50year, the lowest in the world. And still, across important indicator life expectancy, literacy rate, maternal- infant mortality and income inequality the trend in Africa is not just downwards: Africa is (negatively) decoupling from the progress being made across the rest of the world(Moyo 2009:6). Collins (2012) described poverty as one of the greatest challenges to human security and basic human needs. In Nigerian newspaper, the Punch of 27th February 2013, former president of US, Bill Clinton said the cause of Boko Haram (Western Education is bad) insurgency in the Nige ria and other sub-Saharan countries are rooted in prevalence of extreme poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa is now a theatre of terrorism. Some of the factors adduced for these challenges in sub-Saharan Africa are classified as geographical, historical, cultural, tribal and institutional. Collier (2008) argued that geographical environment and topography of a country determines its wealth and success. Some environments are easier to manipulate than others are. This gives some society opportunity to tend plants and animal better than others do. The climatic condition, location, topography, species of plants and animals influences peoples ability to provide food for consumption and export. These have positive impact on the economic and development (Moyo 2009). Jeffrey Sachs (2005) gave example of how the climate and location of Britain helped in its economic and social development. He said, Geographical location of Britain enabled it to benefit from trade, productive agriculture and energy resources in vast stock of coal (p.35). He revealed that Britain has favourable climatic condition for agriculture and extensive navig able river ways for internal and external trade. The reverse is the case in sub-Saharan Africa. Historical factors particularly, colonialism was given as one of the reasons for poverty and underdevelopment in Africa. Sachs (2005) opined that Europe superior powers coax weaker societies to take action favourable to their advantage. They commandeered natural resources including natural wealth of Africa, and private army were raised to ensure compliance (p.41). Maathai (2009) also noted that the legacy of colonial master the territories they established was meant to serve their interest. They had no genuine interest in the development of the local population, but in raw materials to their various countries. She noted that outcasts of the traditional society that cooperated with the colonial authority were elevated to positions that they would never have held in traditional societal institutions. This cultivated a system that de-emphasised merit and competence that still endures today. It perpetuates underdevelopment because merit and competence is not a condition in filling offi cial positions against sound governance and justice. Even after independence, the new leader faile

Advocacy: Special Education Essay

In this article it speaks about how teachers within the Atlanta Public School System have become the greatest advocates for their students. The author says that one of the greatest blessings of his professional life is the opportunity that he has to speak with hundreds and hundreds of his Special Education colleagues. Before and after his seminars, Lavoie has had conversations and discussions with countless teachers from coast to coast and everywhere in between. These conversations have truly been a joy, and these on-the-fly exchanges has given  him an updated perspective on the changes and challenges in America’s classrooms. These conversations are an ongoing source of information and inspiration for Lavoie. They have confirmed his long-held belief that some of the finest people on the planet are toiling daily in America’s classroom and particularly within Special Education programs. Most of the conversations amongst the teachers are reassuring and reinforcing, but occasionally there are conversations that are troubling and disheartening. The disturbing  conversations remind Lavoie that the inclusion battles of the 1970s continue in many American school districts and that the rights of struggling kids continue to be violated and ignored. Lavoie worked as a school administrator for thirty years and has always felt that teachers’ willingness to defend and advocate for students should be encouraged and reinforced not discouraged and criticized. One of the most sacred responsibilities of a Special Education teacher is to advocate for his/ her students and their needs. We need to be voices for the voiceless. Regardless of grade level. For the past several years, Lavoie have delivered a seminar entitled â€Å"Other People’s Kids: The Ethics of Special Education. † In this workshop, he outlines a dozen basic ethical tenets that must be understood and followed by those of us who toil in the vineyards of Special Education. advocacy 2 These tenets involve confidentiality, collaboration and parental interactions. But the main emphasis of the workshop is the premise that â€Å"The professional’s PRIMARY loyalty and commitment is to the CHILD. † Be an advocate for your students. If you don’t who will. In a perfect world, no teacher should be criticized for defending, protecting, or advocating for a child. But, the world is imperfect and teachers often find that they are asked to compromise students’ services in order to maintain budgets and other real-world constraints. Teachers face this conundrum daily. But as we all know some things that are simple are not always easy. Teachers are encouraged to please be the number one advocate for your students. advocacy 3 References Lavoie, R. (2014). Fighting The Good Fight. How to Advocate for Your Students without losing your job.

The Benefits of Recycling Plastics

Plastics are used to manufacture an incredible number of products we use every day, such as food and beverage containers, trash and grocery bags, cups and utensils, childrens toys and diapers, and bottles for everything from mouthwash and shampoo to glass cleaner and laundry detergent. And thats not even counting all the plastic that goes into furniture, appliances, computers,  and automobiles. Suffice it to say, one good reason to recycle plastic is that there is just so much of it. Why You Should Recycle Plastics Plastic Use Is Growing As the use of plastics has increased over the years, they have become a larger part of our nations municipal solid waste (MSW)—growing from less than 1% in 1960 to more than 13% in 2013, according to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency. According to Statista, bottled water sales have been steadily increasing for the past decade: The U.S. saw 8.45 billion gallons of water sold in 2009, and that number reached 13.7 billion gallons in 2017. America is the worlds leading consumer of bottled water, and, clearly, that trend continues to grow. It Conserves Natural Resources and Energy Recycling plastics reduces the amount of energy and resources (such as water, petroleum, natural gas, and coal) needed to create plastic. According to a 2009 study by researchers Peter Gleick and Heather Cooley  from the Pacific Institute of California, a pint-sized bottle of water requires about 2,000 times as much energy to produce as the same amount of tap water. Recycling Plastics Saves Landfill Space Recycling plastic products also keeps them out of landfills. Recycling one ton of plastic saves 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space. Thats not to mention the discarded plastic that ends up directly in the environment, breaking down into tiny pieces to pollute our soil and water and contribute to the oceans Great Garbage Patches. It's Relatively Easy Recycling plastics has never been easier. Today, 80% of Americans have easy access to a plastics recycling program, whether they participate in a municipal curbside program or live near a drop-off site. A universal numbering system for plastic types makes it even easier. According to the American Plastics Council, more than 1,800 U.S. businesses handle or reclaim post-consumer plastics. In addition, many grocery stores now serve as recycling collection sites for plastic bags and plastic wrap. Room for Improvement Overall, the level of plastics recycling is still relatively low. In 2012, only 6.7% of plastics in the municipal solid waste stream were recycled, according to the EPA. Alternatives to Plastic While recycling is important, one of the best ways to reduce the amount of plastic in our nations MSW is to find alternatives. For example, reusable grocery bags have seen a growth in popularity in recent years, and they are a great way to limit the amount of plastic that needs to be generated in the first place.

Diving into John Cheever’s Short Story, The Swimmer Essay

In John Cheever’s short story, â€Å"The Swimmer† he conveys the transformation of the character through the use of the literary element of setting. The story begins in an American, middle class, suburbs. After what seems to be a night of partying and drinking. Neddy Merrill, the main character initially appears very optimistic; he has a perfect family, high social status and very few problems in his life. In spite of his age, he feels young and energetic therefore decides to swim across town through the neighborhood pools. However, his journey becomes less and less enjoyable as the day unfolds. The water become murky, uninviting and he becomes exhausted. Also the people in his surrounding become less cordial including his†¦show more content†¦Neddy unknowingly had become poor, lost all privileges and was no longer regarded highly in his society. Cheever implements setting throughout the story to primarily emphasize on the character’s transition from the begging to end of his journey. The story begins on a â€Å"midsummer Sunday—at the edge of the Westerhazy’s pool—on one hand†¦one glass of gin† (Cheever 215). Everything seems swelling and wonderful. He realizes that he can swim home through the â€Å"swimming pools, that quasi-subterranean stream that curved across the country† (Cheever 216). At this point, Neddy feels â€Å"determinedly original and had a vague and modest idea of himself as a legendary figure† (Cheever 216). Evidently at this point he feels on top, capable of the impossible. However, in the course of his journey you can perceive how the changing of setting represents the change within the character itself. As the setting worsened so did the characters circumstances. He â€Å"stepped through thorny hedges†, experienced a storm â€Å"the cumulus clouds—had risen and darkened† and a drained pool (Cheever 216,217). Ultimately the once optimistic Nedd y became â€Å"miserable, cold, tired, and bewildered† (Cheever 222). Most importantly Cheever implements the type of temporal and socialShow MoreRelatedThe Nightmare in Bullet Park884 Words   |  4 PagesOften times people go on a quest in search of something they desire, but as protagonist Neddy Merrill discovers, the quest does not always turn out as planned and instead leads the quester in the direction of self-discovery. In his 1964 short story â€Å"The Swimmer,† John Cheever depicts the disastrous downfall of a man who impulsively decides to journey home through a course of swimming pools, but instead unconsciously escaping reality. Neddy Merrill abruptly decides to begin his journey home one Sunday